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http://www.archive.org/details/mineralmetabolis01forb 


Picric  S.  Lee 

OdnmlMa  Univerattf 

Houy  Vnrlr, 


THE  MINERAL  METABOLISM  OF  THE 
MILCH  COW 

FIRST  PAPER 


OHIO 

Agricultural  Experiment 
Station 

WOOSTER,  OHIO,  U.  S.  A.,  APRIL,  1916 

BULLETIN  295 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  sent  free  to  all  residents  of  the  State 
who  request  them.  When  a  change  of  address  is  desired,  both  the  old  and 
the  new  address  should  be  given.  All  correspondence  should  be  addressed 
to  EXPERIMENT  STATION,  Wooster,  Ohio 


OHIO  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BOARB    OF   CONTBOL 

George   E.    Scott,    President Mt.   Pleasant 

Charles   Flumerfelt Old    Fort 

Martin   L.   Ruetenik Cleveland 

Horatio  Markley Mt.  Gilead 

Gr.   E.  JOBE I Cedarville 

■  ^«>  ■ 

William  H.  Kramer,  Secretary-Treasurer 

■  M*^  • 

STATION  STAFF 

Charles  E.  Thorne,  M.  S.  A.,  Director 
DEPARTMENTAL  ORGANIZATION 


ADMINISTRATION 

The  Director,  Chief 

William  H.  Kramer,  Bursar 

W.  K.  Greenbank,  Librarian 

L.  L.  RuMMELL,  B.  S.,  Editor 

P.  M.  Lutts,  In  Charge  of  Exhibits 

W.  J.  Holmes,  Printer 

Dora  Ellis,  Mailing  Clerk 

E.  J.  HousER,  Photographer    , 
Glenn  Hall,  Engineer 

AGRONOMY 

C.  G.  Williams,  Chief 

F.  A.  Welton,  B.  S.,  Associate 
William  Holmes,  Far^n  Manager 
C.  A.  Patton,  Assistant 

C.  A.  Gearhart,  B.  S.,  Assistant 
E.  C.  MORR,  Office  Assistant 

C.  H.  Lebold,  Asst.  Foreman 
ANIMAL  HUSBANDRY 

B.  E.  Carmichael,  M.  S.,  Chief 
J.  W.  Hammond,  M.  S.,  Associate 
Don  C.  Mote,  M.  S.,  Assistant 

W.  J.  Buss,  Assistant 

W.  L.  ROBISON,  B.  S.,  Assistant 

D.  G.  SwANGER,  Assistant 
Anthony  Russ,  Herdsman 

E.  C.  Schwan,  Shepherd  (Carpenter) 
BOTANY 

A.  D.  Selby,  B.  S.,  Chief 

True  Houser,  B.  S.,  Asst.    (Germantown) 

F.  K.  Mathis,  Office  Assistant 
D.  C.  Babcock,  a.  B.,  Assistant 
Richard  Walton,  B.  S.,  Assistant 
J.  G.  Humbert,  B.  S.,  Assistant 

CHEMISTRY 

J.  W.  Ames,  M.  S.,  Chief 
Geo.  E.  Boltz,  B.  S.,  Assistant 
J.  A.  Stenius,  B.  S.,  Assistant 

C.  J.  ScHOLLENBERGER,  Assistant 
Mabel  K.  Corbould,  Assistant 

T.  E.  Richmond,  M.  S.,  Assistant 
CLIMATOLOGY 

C.  A.  Patton,  Observer 
DAIRYING 

C.  C.  Hayden,  M.  S.,  Chief 

A.  E.  Perkins,  M.  S.,  Assistant 
T.  R.  Middaugh,  Office  Assistant 

ENTOMOLOGY 

H.  a.  Gossard,  M.  S.,  Chief 
J.  S.  Houser,  M.  S.  A.,  Associate 
W.  H.  Goodwin,  M.  S.,  Assistant 
R.  D.  Whitmarsh,  M.  S.,  Assistant 
J.  L.  King,  B.  S.,  Assistant 

FORESTRY 

Edmund  Secrest,  B.  S.,  Chief 
J.  J.  Crumley,  Ph.  D.,  Assistant 
A.  E.  Taylor,  B.  S.,  Assistant 
J.  W.  Calland,  B.  S.,  Assistant 

D.  E.   Snyder,  Office  Assistant 


HORTICULTURE 

W.  J.  Green,  Vice  Director,  Chief 
F.  H.  Ballou,  Assistant  (Newark) 
Paul  Thayer,  M.  S.,  Assistant 
C.  W.  Ellenwood,  Office  Assistant 
Ora  Flack,  Foreman  of  Orchards 
W.  E.  Bontrager,  Foreman  of  Grounds 
C.  G.  Laper,  Foreman  of  Greenhouses 
J.  B.  Keil,  Orchard  Assistant 
S.  N.  Green,  Garden  Assistant 
NUTRITION 

E.  B.  Forbes,  Ph.  D.,  Chief 

F.  M.  Beegle,  B.  S.,  Assistant 
Charles  M.  Fritz,  M.  S.,  Assistant 
L.  E.  Morgan,  M.  S.,  Assistant 

S.  N.  Rhue,  B.  S.,  Assistowt 
SOILS 

The  Director,  Chief 

C.  G.  Williams,  Associate  in  soil  fertility 

investigations 
J.  W.  Ames,  M,  S.,  Asso.  in  soil  chemistry 

E.  R.  Allen,  Ph.  D.,  Asso.  in  soil  biology 
H.  Foley  Tuttle,  M.  S.,  Assistant 

B.  S.  Davisson,  M.  a..  Assistant 
A.  Bonazzi,  B.  Agr.,  Assistant 
W.  C.  Boardman,  B.  S.,  Assistant 
Oliver  Gossard,  B.  S.,  Assistant 
Clin  H.  Smith,  B.  S.,  Assistant 

FARM  MANAGEMENT 

C.  W.  Montgomery,  Chief 

F.  N.  Meeker,  B.  A.,  Executive  Assistant 
H.  L.  Andrew,  B.  S.,  Assistant 

District  Experiment  Farms 

Northeastern  Test-Farm,   Strongsville 

J.  Paul  Markley,  Resident  Manager 

Southwestern  Test-Farm,  Germantown 

Henry  M.  Wachter,  Resident  Manager 

Southeastern  Test-Farm,  Carpenter 
H.  D.  Lewis,  Resident  Manager 

County  Experiment  Farms 
Miami  County  Experiment  Farm,  Troy 

Geo.  R.  Eastwood,  B.  S.,  Agent  in  Charge 
Northwestern  Test-Farm,   Findlay 

John  A.  Sutton,  Reisdent  Manager 
Paulding  County  Experiment  Farm.  Paulding 

H.  A.  Ray,  Foreman 
Clermont  Co.  Experiment  Farm.  Owensville 

H.   S.  Elliott,  Foreman 
Hamilton  Co.  Experiment  Farm,  Mt.  Healthy 

D.  R.  Van  Atta,  B.  S.,  Agent  in  Charge 
Washington  County  Experiment  Farms, 

Fleming  and  Marietta 

E.  J.  RiGGS,  B.   S.,  Agent  in  Charge 
Mahoning  Co.  Experiment  Farm,  Canfleld 

D.  W.  Galehouse,  A£rent  in  Charge 
Trumbull  Co.  Experiment  Farm.   Cortland 
M.  O.  BuGBY,  B.  S.,  Agent  in  Charge. 


BULLETIN 

OF  THE 

Ohio  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 

Number  295  April,  1916 

THE  MINERAL  METABOLISM  OF  THE  MILCH  COW 

FIRST  PAPER 

E.  B.  FORBES  AND  F.  M.  BEEGLE,  WITH  COLLABORATION  BY 
C.  M.  FRITZ.  L.  E.  MORGAN  AND  S.  N.  RHUE 

The  dairy  cow  greatly  excels  any  of  the  other  farm  quadrupeds 
in  the  rapidity  and  efficiency  with  which  she  produces  proteid  and 
mineral  nutriment ;  and  since  the  cow  is  only  a  transformer,  but  in 
no  sense  a  creator  of  these  nutrients  her  maximum  productive 
capacities  depend  on  food  requirements  for  the  kinds  of  nutriment 
especially  involved  which  are  commensurate  with  her  remarkable 
functional  activity. 

The  unusual  requirement  of  the  cow  for  protein  in  the  ration  is 
universally  recognized,  and  receives  that  attention  which  its  import- 
ance demands.  The  mineral  requirements  of  the  milch  cow,  how- 
ever, have  received  but  scant  recognition.  There  is  in  the  literature 
almost  no  evidence  on  the  subject,  and  we  ordinarily  assume  that 
cows  get  enough  mineral  matter  in  the  ration  at  all  times.  The 
results  of  this  experiment  show  that  in  this  assumption  we  have 
been  in  error,  and  that  we  have  important  facts  yet  to  learn  regard- 
ing the  mineral  metabolism  and  requirements  of  milch  cows. 

Objects. — In  this  experiment  we  sought  to  study  the  mineral 
income  and  outgo  of  the  milch  cow  on  common  practical  rations, 
especially  as  influenced  by  the  protein  concentrates  and  by  the  type 
of  roughage  fed,  and  also  to  study  the  effects  of  these  same  factors 
on  the  digestibility  of  the  rations. 

The  rations  fed  were  the  following: 

Corn,  cottonseed  meal,  timothy  hay,  corn  silage 
Corn,  cottonseed  meal,  clover  hay 
Corn,  cottonseed  meal,  clover  hay,  corn  silage 
Corn,  distiller's  grains,  clover  hay,  corn  silage 
Corn,  linseed  oilmeal,  clover  hay,  corn  silage 
Corn,  gluten  feed,  clover  hay,  corn  silage 

These  rations,  therefore,  afford  a  basis  for  the  comparison  of 
clover  and  timothy  hay,  and  of  the  common  commercial  nitrogenous 
concentrates. 

(323) 


324  OHIO  EXPERIMENT  STATION:  BULLETIN  295 

METHOD  OF  EXPERIMENTATION 

This  investigation  was  conducted  during  January,  February 
and  March,  1915,  by  the  usual  method  of  the  metaboHsm  experi- 
ment, involving  the  collection,  sampling  and  analysis  of  food,  urine, 
feces  and  milk. 

Six  cows  were  purchased  for  this  investigation.  Five  of  them 
were  grade  Holstein-Friesians,  and  one  was  purebred.  The  cows 
were  from  3  to  5  years  of  age,  and  all  were  fresh  from  4  to  6  weeks 
before  the  experiment  began.  The  conditions  under  which  the 
experiment  was  conducted  made  it  impossible  to  breed  the  cows  dur- 
ing its  course,  and  none  had  been  bred  at  the  time  the  experiment 
began. 

The  cows  were  used  in  two  groups  of  three  each,  three  cows  to 
a  ration.  After  a  preliminary  feeding  of  3  weeks,  to  accustom  the 
cows  to  the  place,  the  rations  and  the  routine,  the  experiment  began 
on  January  8.  The  experiment  covered  three  collection  periods, 
mostly  of  19  or  20  days'  duration,  separated  by  10-day  intervals  on 
the  feed  of  the  next  period  to  follow,  the  changes  in  the  rations 
being  made  abruptly  at  the  beginning  of  the  intermediate  periods. 
While  abrupt  changes  in  the  feeding  of  animals  are,  of  course,  to 
be  avoided,  they  were  on  certain  accounts  necessary  in  this  experi- 
ment. In  no  case  did  they  alter  the  general  character  of  the  ration 
or  throw  the  cows  off  feed. 

The  cows  were  confined  in  stalls  built  for  the  purpose  of  this 
study,  so  constructed  as  to  prevent  waste  of  food,  and  to  allow  the 
cows  some  freedom  to  move  about,  and  to  lie  down  in  comfort.  The 
stalls  were  situated  in  the  Nutrition  Building.  The  cold-storage 
rooms,  so  important  to  the  investigation,  were  directly  across  a  hall- 
way from  the  experiment  room.  For  bedding  the  cows  were  pro- 
vided with  mattresses  made  of  burlap  and  excelsior,  and  covered 
with  heavy  canvas. 

The  foods  were  assembled  before  the  experiment  began.  All 
of  those  used  in  a  20-day  period  were  weighed  out  at  one  time  before 
the  beginning  of  the  period,  and  were  sampled  for  analysis  at  the 
time  of  weighing.  For  convenience  in  weighing,  sampling  and  stor- 
age, and  for  the  prevention  of  waste  in  feeding,  the  roughage  was 
all  fed  cut.  All  dry  feeds,  both  grain  and  roughage,  were  weighed 
into  paper  bags.  The  silage  was  weighed  into  burlap  bags  and 
stored  in  a  refrigerated  room  at  a  temperature  of  0°  F.  Salt  was 
fed  in  chemically  pure  form,  mixed  with  the  grain.  The  drinking 
water  was  distilled,  and  was  allowed  ad  libitum. 


METABOLISM  OF  THE  MILCH  COW  325 

The  experimental  day  began  and  ended  at  6:30  a.  m.,  and  the 
cows  were  weighed  at  8 : 00  a.  m.  on  the  first  and  last  5  days  of  each 
experimental  period. 

The  cows  were  milked  into  weighed  pails  from  two  to  four 
times  during  the  24  hours,  as  required  in  each  case  to  prevent  loss 
of  milk  from  the  udder  while  the  cows  were  lying  down.  It  was 
also  necessary  with  certain  cows  to  close  the  teats  after  each  milk- 
ing by  the  use  of  elastic  collodion.  The  portions  of  milk  were 
weighed  as  soon  as  drawn,  and  were  then  poured  into  cans,  one  for 
each  cow,  and  kept  in  a  refrigerated  room  until  the  end  of  the  day, 
when  aliquot  samples  for  analysis  were  taken,  by  weight.  These 
daily  aliquots  were  combined,  the  composite  samples  being  stored  in 
gallon  varnish  cans  in  a  refrigerated  room  at  a  temperature  of  0°  F, 

The  urine  was  caught  in  pails  by  attendants  sitting  behind  the 
cows.  The  urine  portions  as  caught  were  poured  into  bottles,  one 
for  each  cow,  the  transfer  being  completed  with  distilled  water. 
The  bottles  were  coated  inside  with  thymol.  These  bottles  were 
emptied  three  times  daily  into  larger  storage  bottles,  also  coated 
with  thymol,  and  kept  in  a  refrigerated  room  at  a  temperature  of 
32°  F.  At  the  end  of  each  day  these  larger  storage  bottles  were 
taken  to  a  laboratory  room;  the  urine  was  measured,  and  aliquots 
were  taken,  by  volume,  for  analysis.  Certain  aliquots  were  used 
for  daily  determinations ;  others  were  preserved  at  0°F. ;  still  others, 
at  32°  F. 

The  feces  were  caught  in  weighed  pails  or  scoop  shovels,  and 
after  weighing,  were  transferred  to  friction-top  cans  and  placed  in 
the  cooler.  The  feces  portions  from  each  cow  were  mixed  each  day, 
and  aliquots  were  taken  by  weight  and  preserved  at  0°  F.  All  cans, 
pails,  bottles,  etc.  were  cleaned  with  distilled  water  at  a  laundry 
sink  in  the  experiment  room.  These  receptacles  were  then  dried 
on  a  large  steam  table  in  the  same  room. 

Three  attendants,  with  a  pail  on  each  knee,  sat  behind  the  six 
cows  during  all  the  time  the  cows  were  standing.  Relaxation  of 
attention  was  allowed  only  while  the  cows  were  lying  down.  During 
this  time  weighed  scoop  shovels  were  especially  useful,  as  also  were 
emergency  pans  in  the  gutter  behind  each  cow,  since  the  cows  fre- 
quently passed  both  urine  and  feces  while  reclining.  The  help 
required  for  the  conduct  of  this  experiment  was  as  indicated  below : 

Six  men  (two  shifts  of  12  hours  each)  to  sit  behind  the  cows. 

One  man  to  do  most  of  the  milking,  to  water  the  cows,  to  relieve 
those  sitting  behind  the  cows,  to  handle  the  milk  and  cream,  and  to 
do  miscellaneous  labor. 


326  OHIO  EXPERIMENT  STATION:  BULLETIN  295 

Three  chemists  (three  shifts  of  8  hours  each)  to  weigh  the 
urine,  feces  and  milk,  to  care  for  these  products,  to  clean  the  recep- 
tacles, and  to  guarantee  the  fidelity  of  the  men  behind  the  cows. 

One  chemist  to  do  the  feeding  and  the  daily  sampling  and 
chemical  work. 

One  helper  for  this  last-mentioned  chemist.    ' 

One  man  to  operate  the  refrigerating  plant. 

The  experiment,  therefore,  required  full  time  from  13  men,  in 
addition  to  the  general  direction  of  the  head  of  the  department.  In 
subsequent  work  it  has  been  found  much  better  to  use  another  shift 
of  three  men  behind  the  cows,  thus  reducing  the  working  day  of 
those  engaged  in  the  collection  of  the  excreta  to  eight  hours ;  it  was 
also  found  desirable  to  milk  and  to  feed  all  of  the  cows  four  times 
daily,  and  to  provide  another  man  to  do  half  of  the  milking  at  morn- 
ing and  night  and  all  of  the  milking  at  midnight.  In  the  later  work, 
then,  we  used  a  total  of  17  men. 

The  temperature  of  the  experiment  room  was  kept  as  nearly 
as  possible  at  50°  F.  in  order  to  keep  the  cows'  appetites  keen. 

Before  the  experiment  began  the  cows  were  producing  about 
40  pounds  of  milk  each,  per  day.  It  was  impossible  to  keep  them 
up  to  this  production,  however,  because  of  various  conditions  essen- 
tial to  the  experiment,  especially  the  disturbance  of  night  and  day 
attendance  by  a  considerable  number  of  men,  and  the  necessity  of 
restricting  the  rations  so  that  they  would  be  consumed  without 
waste.  On  account  of  the  amount  of  analytical  work  involved  in 
our  complete  mineral  balances,  with  other  lines  of  observation 
added,  and  because  there  would  be  no  assurance  that  the  refused 
feed  would  be  sufficient  in  quantity  for  the  many  chemical  deter- 
minations made,  it  was  considered  highly  desirable  that  the  foods 
weighed  to  the  cows  be  consumed  without  waste.  In  this  we  were 
entirely  successful,  without  other  compromise  than  a  certain  reduc- 
tion of  food  consumption  and  of  milk  yield,  which  in  no  way  vitiated 
the  results  of  the  investigation.  The  average  daily  yield  of  milk 
during  the  experiment  was  36.1  pounds,  which  was  satisfactory 
from  our  point  of  view,  inasmuch  as  it  is  neither  so  large  nor  so 
small  as  to  detract  from  the  bearing  of  the  results  on  the  operations 
of  the  practical  feeder. 

RESULTS  OF  THE  EXPERIMENT 

Table  I,  page  334,  states  the  average  daily  amounts  of  foods 
consumed,  the  milk  produced  and  the  live  weights  of  the  cows.  It 
was  our  wish  to  keep  the  cows  as  nearly  as  possible  at  a  constant 


METABOLISM  OF  THE  MILCH  COW  327 

weight.  In  10  cases  out  of  18  there  was  shght  gain  in  weight;  in 
1  case,  no  change  in  weight;  and  in  7  cases,  sHght  loss  in  weight. 
Five  out  of  the  six  cows  gained  in  weight  during  the  experiment  as 
a  whole.  The  average  change  in  weight  was  a  gain  of  3  ounces  per 
head  per  day. 

The  composition  of  the  foods  and  milk,  and  the  amounts  of  the 
several  constituents  of  the  rations,  milk,  urine  and  feces  are  stated 
in  Tables  II-VII,  pages  335  to  341.  These  records  are  included  for 
convenient  reference,  and  do  not  require  discussion. 

The  most  important  results  of  the  investigation  are  set  forth 
in  Tables  VIII,  IX  and  X,  covering  Experimental  Periods  I,  II  and 
III,  on  pages  342  to  344.  These  tables  exhibit  the  average  daily- 
amount  of  each  of  the  constituents  determined  in  the  food,  milk, 
urine  and  feces,  and  the  final  balance  of  income  and  outgo  for  each. 
The  +  and  —  signs  indicate  whether  the  cow  was  gaining  or  losing 
in  her  body-supply  of  the  constituent  represented  by  the  accom- 
panying numeral.  Table  XI,  page  345,  includes  the  balances  from 
Tables  VIII,  IX  and  X,  together  with  the  amounts  of  food  eaten 
and  of  milk  produced,  in  pounds. 

The  balance  data  show  that  the  intake  of  common  salt,  about  1 
ounce  per  head  per  day,  was  usually  sufficient,  along  with  the 
sodium  and  chlorine  of  the  rest  of  the  ration,  to  maintain  sodium 
and  chlorine  equilibrium,  though  there  were  4  negative  sodium  bal- 
ances and  5  negative  chlorine  balances  out  of  18  of  each.  A  more 
liberal  allowance  of  salt  would  not  be  excessive,  and  might  be  of 
benefit.  The  greatly  increased  sodium  retention,  without  corres- 
ponding storage  of  chlorine,  exhibited  by  Cows  4,  5  and  6  in  Period 
III,  was  due  to  the  influence  of  the  gluten  feed,  which  contained 
more  sodium  than  the  foods  used  in  other  periods.  We  have  also 
noted,  in  studies  with  swine,  a  large  measure  of  independence  in  the 
metabolism  of  sodium  and  chlorine. 

Of  the  potassium  balances  5  out  of  the  18  were  negative,  4  of 
these  being  with  Cows  5  and  6  in  the  consecutive  Periods  II  and  III. 
In  Period  II  the  potassium  intake  of  these  cows  was  85.7  grams  per 
day,  and  the  loss  was  slight  (0.020  and  1.265  grams).  In  Period  III 
the  intake  was  increased  to  111.672  and  115.569  grams,  and  the 
negative  balance  increased  to  0.514  and  6.832  grams,  respectively. 
It  is  probable  that  these  losses  are  unimportant,  and  that  they  rep- 
resent simply  fluctuations  in  the  body-supply,  which,  in  general, 
tends  to  remain  somewhat  nearly  constant,  since  there  is  no  means, 
in  the  body,  of  storing  this  element  in  considerable  quantity. 


328  OHIO  EXPERIMENT  STATION:  BULLETIN  295 

Without  exception  there  was  loss  of  calcium  and  magnesium, 
and  in  15  cases  out  of  18  a  loss  also  of  phosphorus. 

The  low  calcium  content  of  the  ration  containing  timothy  hay, 
and  fed  to  Cows  1,  2  and  3  in  Period  I,  is  naturally  reflected  in  maxi- 
mum losses  of  calcium.  The  feeding  of  clover  hay,  as  in  all  other 
periods,  reduced  the  calcium  loss,  but  the  reduction  did  not  corres- 
pond to  the  increased  intake.  The  calcium,  on  some  account,  was 
poorly  utilized. 

In  general  the  feces  calcium  was  surprisingly  nearly  the  same 
in  amount  as  the  food  calcium,  though  the  amounts  of  both  varied 
widely;  the  urine  calcium  was  in  very  small  quantity,  while  the 
negative  calcium  balance  (the  loss  of  calcium)  was  of  about  the 
same  amount  as  the  calcium  in  the  milk. 

In  Period  I,  Cows  1,  2  and  3,  with  a  calcium  intake  of  18  to  21 
grams  excreted  23  to  24  grams  in  the  feces ;  Cows  4,  5  and  6,  with 
a  calcium  intake  of  about  40.5  grams  excreted  in  the  feces  44  to  46 
grams. 

In  Period  II,  Cows  1,  2  and  3,  with  a  calcium  intake  of  52.4 
grams  excreted  in  the  feces  47  to  50  grams ;  Cows  4,  5  and  6,  with  a 
calcium  intake  of  42.5  grams  excreted  in  the  feces  44  to  46  grams. 

In  Period  III,  Cows  1,  2  and  3,  with  a  calcium  intake  of  51.5  to 
54  grams  excreted  in  the  feces  50  to  51  grams ;  Cows  4,  5  and  6,  with 
a  calcium  intake  of  47  to  48.5  grams  excreted  in  the  feces  47  to  52 
grams. 

Comparing  the  calcium  balances  of  Cow  1  in  Periods  I  and  II,' 
we  note  that  the  increase  of  the  intake  from  17.944  grams  in  Period 
I  to  52.403  grams  in  Period  II  reduced  the  calcium  loss  from  25.055 
grams  only  to  14.599  grams.  That  the  calcium  of  these  rations 
should  have  been  so  poorly  utilized  is  remarkable.  Its  retention 
was  controlled  to  a  large  extent  by  some  factor  other  than  the  intake 
of  this  element. 

It  is  also  true  that  the  magnesium  of  the  urine  and  feces 
exceeded  by  a  considerable  quantity  the  magnesium  of  the  food; 
while  in  regard  to  phosphorus,  the  amount  of  this  element  in  the 
excreta  was  much  less  than  in  the  food.  The  phosphorus,  therefore, 
was  much  more  efficiently  retained  than  the  calcium  and  the 
magnesium. 

The  amount  of  calcium  required  by  the  cows  was,  without 
doubt,  much  greater  than  that  of  phosphorus  and  magnesium.  In 
comparison  with  these  requirements  the  supply  of  calcium  in  the 
rations  in  this  experiment  must  have  been  much  more  deficient  than 
that  of  phosphorus  and  magnesium.    In  all  probability  the  loss  of 


METABOLISM  OF  THE  MILCH  COW  329 

each  of  these  elejaients,  related  as  they  are  in  metaboHsm  and  in  the 
skeleton,  had  its  cause  in  the  one  factor  which  determined  the  loss 
of  calcium.  The  intake  of  magnesium  and  of  phosphorus  may  have 
been  adequate,  but,  since  neither  of  these  elements  can  be  stored  in 
quantity  except  as  combined  with  calcium  in  the  skeleton,  a  condi- 
tion which  caused  a  loss  of  calcium  may  have  rendered  impossible 
the  retention  of  the  associated  elements.  It  is  possible,  therefore, 
that  a  change  of  conditions  which  would  render  more  efficient  the 
utihzation  of  calcium  would  incidentally  bring  about  improved  reten- 
tion of  magnesium  and  phosphorus. 

These  results  show  that  there  was  with  each  cow,  on  every 
ration,  a  retention  of  nitrogen,  and  in  all  but  2  cases  out  of  18  a 
retention  of  sulphur,  these  facts  indicating  that  the  rations  pro- 
vided nutriment  sufficient  in  amount,  and  of  the  right  kinds,  to  pro- 
tect and  to  increase  the  protein  tissues  of  the  cows.  This  condition, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  fact  that  all  of  the  cows  but  one  gained 
in  weight  (here  the  loss  was  slight),  shows  that  the  losses  of  cal- 
cium, magnesium  and  phosphorus  were  not  due  to  general  under- 
nourishment. Whatever  the  condition  which  determined  these 
negative  balances  it  was  of  a  nature  to  affect  this  group  of  nutrients 
alone.  This  means  that  the  animals  were  well  nourished,  except  that 
for  some  unknown  reason  they  were  all  obliged  to  draw  upon  their 
skeletons  in  the  production  of  milk. 

The  balance  data  also  demonstrate  the  existence  of  an  extensive 
metaboHsm  of  silicon,  the  retention  of  this  element  from  the  first 
ration,  which  contained  timothy  hay,  being  surprisingly  large.  This 
storage  of  silicon  may  have  taken  place  through  the  growth  of  hair, 
the  ash  of  which  contains  silicon  in  considerable  quantity.  We 
found  no  silicon  in  the  milk,  but  quantities  of  it  in  the  urine. 

The  computation  of  the  mineral  acids  and  bases  of  the  food- 
stuffs to  cubic  centimeters  of  normal  solution  of  the  respective 
elements  (Table  XII,  page  346)  shows  a  marked  predominance  of 
acids  in  the  ration  fed  to  Cows  1,  2  and  3  in  Period  I.  The  acidity 
of  the  ash  of  this  ration  is  due  largely  to  the  high  silicon  content  of 
the  timothy  hay.  Approximately  half  of  the  total  mineral  acidity 
of  this  ration  is  due  to  silicon.  The  authors  have  not  seen  account 
taken  of  silicon,  in  other  similar  computations  of  the  predominance 
of  inorganic  acids  or  bases  in  foods.  Its  relation  to  the  mineral 
alkalis,  in  foodstuffs  and  excreta,  seem  to  us  to  necessitate  an  ac- 
counting for  silicon  on  the  same  basis  as  for  sulphur,  phosphorus 
and  chlorine. 


330  OHIO  EXPERIMENT  STATION:  BULLETIN  295 

Table  XIII,  page  347,  exhibits  the  relation  of  urinary  ammonia, 
phosphates  and  sulphates  to  the  balance  of  mineral  acids  and  bases 
in  the  rations.  The  excess  acidity  of  the  ration  fed  to  Cows  1,  2  and 
3  in  Period  I  caused  these  cows  to  produce  acid  urine,  and  the  total 
ammonia  of  the  urine  was  higher  than  in  any  other  case.  Associated 
with  this  high  ammonia  content  of  the  urine  was  a  high  phosphorus 
content.  A  close  relationship  between  urinary  ammonia  and  phos- 
phorus was  not  found,  however,  throughout  the  experiment.  The 
high  phosphorus  and  moderate  ammonia  contents  of  the  urine  of 
Cow  4,  Period  III,  exemplifies  the  truth  of  this  last  observation. 

No  relation  was  observed  to  exist  between  the  reaction,  the 
ammonia  or  the  phosphorus  of  the  urine  with  the  amount  or  the 
form  of  the  urinary  sulphur.  No  other  factor  was  found  to  affect 
urinary  sulphur  to  nearly  so  great  an  extent  as  did  the  high  sulphur 
content  of  the  gluten  feed  eaten  by  Cows  4,  5  and  6  in  Period  III. 
The  high  sodium  and  sulphur  contents  of  this  food  result  from  the 
process  by  which  it  is  manufactured. 

A  study  of  the  nitrogen  compounds  of  the  urine  was  attempted, 
but  the  conditions  necessary  to  prevent  chemical  change  in  certain 
of  these,  during  protracted  storage,  were  not  attained.  It  is 
thought,  however,  that  the  results  of  our  studies  clearly  point  the 
way  to  successful  methods  of  preservation  of  cow  urine  for  the 
investigation  of  its  nitrogen  compounds. 

Table  XIV,  page  348,  sets  forth  the  coefficients  of  digestibility 
of  the  rations,  the  object  of  this  consideration  being  especially  to 
study  the  effects  of  the  nitrogenous  supplements  on  the  utilization 
of  the  nutrients.  Certain  differences  in  the  digestibility  of  the 
nutrients  are  apparent,  but  these  variations  are  not  prominent, 
and  further  work  will  be  required  to  establish  the  facts  in  an  unmis- 
takable way.  We  see  here  no  evidence  that  the  common  commercial 
concentrates  affect,  to  an  important  extent,  the  digestibility  of  the 
rations  in  which  they  are  fed. 

Certain  low  coefficients  of  digestibility  in  the  records  of  Cows 
1,  2  and  3,  in  Period  I,  and  of  Cow  6,  in  Period  III,  were  due  to  slight 
overfeeding.  The  evidence  of  indigestion  was  not  especially  marked, 
and  the  appetites  were  not  affected,  but  the  facts  as  to  these  data 
are  undoubtedly  as  stated. 

DISCUSSION  OF  RESULTS 

From  the  results  of  this  experiment  it  appears  that  a  failure 
to  maintain  mineral  equilibrium  must  be  so  common  among  cows  of 
the  more  profitable  sort  that  it  must  be  considered  a  normal  condi- 
tion during  the  time  of  larger  production,  at  least  if  this  occurs 


METABOLISM  OF  THE  MILCH  COW  331 

during  the  winter,  that  is,  while  the  cows  are  not  on  pasture.  We 
are  led,  therefore,  to  look  for  results  of  such  losses,  in  the  behavior 
of  cows  under  usual  methods  of  management. 

The  effects  of  these  losses  are  observed  most  noticeably  under 
those  conditions  which  tend  to  accentuate  them ;  thus,  malnutrition 
of  the  bones  is  common  in  regions  of  unfertile,  sandy  soils,  or  soils  of 
granitic  origin,  especially  if  these  be  worn  through  long  cropping 
with  insufficient  fertilization,  and  also  after  seasons  of  drouth, 
overstocking  of  pastures,  and  deficient  food  supply.  There  are  in 
the  literature  many  hundreds  of  reports  of  malnutrition  of  the  bones 
of  livestock,  as  resulting  from  these  causes,  and  also  great  numbers 
of  reports  establishing  the  ready  response  of  animals  suffering  from 
simple  malnutrition  of  the  bones  to  improved  treatment,  especially 
in  the  way  of  increased  supplies  of  the  mineral  nutrients,  often  in 
the  form  of  bone  meal  or  of  chalk. 

It  is  not  necessary,  however,  to  go  into  the  field  of  pathology  for 
instances  of  the  practical  bearings  of  the  main  point  determined  by 
this  investigation.  Under  the  best  conditions  of  feeding  and  man- 
agement, as  understood  by  practical  feeders,  a  cow  often  fails  to 
breed  during  the  season  following  one  in  which  she  has  been  fed 
for  a  record  of  high  production.  It  seems  quite  probable  that  the 
excessive  lactation  has  depleted  the  mineral  reserves  of  the  body 
to  such  an  extent  as  to  disturb  the  reproductive  functions. 

Such  a  depletion  is  also  reflected  in  the  fact  of  the  failure  of 
many  cows  fed  for  high  production  to  maintain  high  records  during 
two  consecutive  periods  of  lactation. 

In  all  probability  the  most  important  results  of  a  failure  of 
heavy-milking  cows  to  maintain  mineral  equilibrium  are  not  in  such 
prominent  effects  as  we  have  mentioned,  but  in  an  inconspicuous 
shrinkage  of  lactation  in  cows  which  are  apparently  in  normal 
condition.  Since  milk  production,  in  cows  such  as  we  used  in  this 
experiment,  seems  to  be  sustained  in  part  by  drafts  upon  the  body- 
reserves,  and  since  this  process  cannot  continue  indefinitely,  and 
since  there  is  in  cows  a  gradual  shrinkage  and  final  cessation  of 
milk  production  coincident  with  this  depletion  of  nutrient  reserves, 
it  is  believable  that  this  exhaustion  of  reserves  should  be  among 
those  factors  which  catise  the  gradual  shrinkage  of  milk  flow,  and 
that  by  preventing,  as  largely  as  possible,  these  losses  from  the  body 
we  may  be  able  to  lessen  the  shrinkage  and  to  extend  the  duration 
of  the  production  of  milk. 

The  time  of  replenishment  of  reserves  comes,  of  course,  during 
the  latter  part  of  the  period  of  gestation.    This  process  of  repair 


332  OHIO  EXPERIMENT  STATION:  BULLETIN  295 

is  most  efficiently  accomplished  while  the  cows  are  on  pasture,  par- 
ticularly if  the  pasture  contains  a  considerable  proportion  of  legum- 
inous vegetation,  as  indeed  most  pastures  do. 

Our  balance  data  indicate  that  after  a  certain  level  is  reached, 
in  food  consumption  and  milk  production,  the  digestion  of  the  addi- 
tional mineral  nutriment  demanded  by  further  increase  in  milk 
secretion  is  accomplished  at  such  a  decreasing  rate  of  efficiency  that 
the  only  practicable  method  of  meeting  mineral  requirements  is 
through  the  tearing  down  of  bone  tissue,  thus  causing  a  loss  of  min- 
erals from  the  body — a  loss  which  it  may  be  impossible  entirely  to 
prevent,  but  which  we  should  seek  to  minimize  through  supplying 
the  nutrients  in  abundance.  The  overdraft  should  then  be  made 
good  as  soon  as  practicable.  Whether  such  a  process  of  depletion 
and  subsequent  repair  is  a  part  of  the  most  profitable  system  of 
milch-cow  management  remains  yet  to  be  determined.  The  object 
sought  in  milk  production  is  milk  rather  than  maximum  physiologi- 
cal economy ;  and  it  is  possible  that,  as  a  practical  measure,  we  may 
find  it  most  profitable  to  exhaust  the  cow's  mineral  reserves,  at  a 
time  when  she  is  able  to  draw  upon  them  to  support  liberal  milk  pro- 
duction, and  then  to  repay  the  overdraft  when  the  cow's  tendency 
to  produce  milk  has  so  far  spent  itself  that  the  total  outgo  falls 
below  the  total  income  of  the  mineral  nutrients. 

A  possible  method  by  which  the  organism  of  the  cow  may  draw 
upon  her  mineral  reserves  is  suggested  by  conclusions  of  Bergeim.^ 
Bergeim  ascribes  to  the  leucocytes  (probably  splanchnic  basophiles) 
invading  the  intestinal  epithelium  an  important  function  in  the 
absorption  of  calcium  from  the  intestine,  it  being  his  idea  that,  by 
virtue  of  the  phosphonuclease  which  they  contain,  they  liberate 
from  nucleic  acid  (probably  other  phosphoric  acid  esters  also)  phos- 
phoric acid,  which  dissolves  calcium  phosphate.  This  calcium  is 
carried  partly  in  combination  with  the  leucocytes,  and  is  necessary 
for  nucleolytic  action.  The  negative  calcium,  magnesium  and  phos- 
phorus balances  observed  in  this  experiment  involved  extensive 
transfer  of  salts  from  the  skeleton  to  the  milk  through  the  agency 
of  osteoclasts.  Bergeim  considers  that  the  method  of  their  action 
is  similar  to  that  of  the  leucocytes  in  the  process  of  calcium  absorp- 
tion, as  outlined  above,  and  that  the  control  of  these  processes  is 
maintained  especially  by  the  parathyroid,  though  other  glands,  as 
the  thymus,  are  also  involved,  mainly  as  supplies  and  stores  of 
nuclein.  In  harmony  with  this  conception  we  may  consider  it  pos- 
sible that  there  is  a  temporal  character  of  the  mineral  metabolism 

10.  Bergeim,  Proc.  Soc.  Exper.  Biol,  and  Med.   (1914),  xii,  pp.   22-24. 


METABOLISM  OF  THE  MILCH  COW  333 

of  lactation,  in  the  same  sense  as  of  the  period  of  gestation — this 
condition  being  only  partially  controllable  by  feeding  and  manage- 
ment. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Liberal  milk  production,  on  common  practical  winter  rations 
fed  in  quantities  sufficient  to  maintain  the  live  weight  and  to  cause 
regular  nitrogen  and  sulphur  storage,  caused  consistent  losses  of 
calcium,  magnesium  and  phosphorus  from  the  cows'  skeletons. 
These  losses  occurred  in  spite  of  liberal  supplies  of  these  nutrients 
in  the  food.  The  limited  response  of  the  cows  to  increase  in  the 
intake  of  these  elements  showed  that  their  utilization  of  these  nutri- 
ents, on  a  profitable  plane  of  food  consumption  and  milk  production, 
was  surprisingly  inefficient.  The  cause  of  this  inadequate  utiliza- 
tion of  minerals,  especially  calcium,  and  the  possibility  of  preventing 
losses  of  these  nutrients  stand  in  need  of  further  investigation. 

An  extensive  metabolism  of  silicon  was  demonstrated. 

An  excess  of  inorganic  acids  over  inorganic  bases  in  a  ration, 
due  largely  to  the  silicon  of  timothy  hay,  caused  an  acid  reaction 
and  an  increase  in  the  ammonia  of  the  urine. 

No  important  specific  effects  were  observed  of  the  nitrogenous 
concentrates,  cottonseed  meal,  linseed  oilmeal,  gluten  feed  and  dis- 
tiller's grains,  on  the  digestibility  of  the  rations  in  which  they 
were  fed. 

The  results  of  this  study  indicate  that  especial  attention  should 
be  given  to  the  calcium,  magnesium  and  phosphorus  contents  of  the 
rations  of  heavily-producing  cows  in  order  that  the  loss  of  these 
elements  from  the  skeleton  may  be  kept  as  low  as  possible ;  and  a 
liberal  supply  of  foods  which  are  rich  in  these  elements  should  be 
allowed  after  the  cow  has  ceased  to  produce  abundantly,  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  period  of  lactation,  in  order  to  refund  previous 
overdrafts  before  the  birth  of  the  next  calf. 

The  further  study  of  this  problem  is  now  under  way. 


334 


OHIO  EXPERIMENT  STATION:  BULLETIN  295 


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Nitrogen 

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Milk 
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Food 
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96.647 
28.417 
12.488 
54.214 
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102.964 
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17.413 
50.610 
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18.818 

64.231 

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20.508 
48.313 
12.447 
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20.819 
49.368 
13.278 
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23.006 
43.415 
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hay  3620;  corn  silage  11340; 

salt  23.884 

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hay  3620;  corn  silage  13600; 

salt  28.000 

Corn  3774;  cottonseed  meal  1241;  timothy 

hay  5440;  com  silage  11340; 

salt  23.274 

oo 

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in     0) 

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S'ield 

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00 
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Si 

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METABOLISM  OF  THE  MILCH  COW 


343 


Nitrogen 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

o^t^tcco 

cMinin'^c- 

CMCMC-CICOCO 

coin^HLncM 
cj^t^^H^^a^ 
00.— <^H  t— 00 

got-— <i^-oo 
ooS3oo^c2 

OCCM'^^tO 

lot- in  .-HO 

CM.COOCM 

CM^inCJJCM 

+ 

CM'3'COCT3'* 

cq 

+ 

^COOOCOO) 

oin^ai 

+ 

^Ol'JfOOCM 

+ 

M<o-*in-* 

0^0-*<Ji 
CM 

+ 

Silicon 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

t^- 0  C^3  1— 1  .rj< 

oiS^ooo 

I-  0  in  ^  ^ 

CJ>OCOCOCO 

c-o^to[-~ 

C-OCMtOOl 

oioinooin 
t— c:?CMinai 

mo>coco  0 

OiOOLT)^ 

toocgi^-r- 

ino-*cooo 

to  0  ei  o--  Tf 
o^focotno 

tOO^HOVtO 

cDoor-iin 

CO              CO 

+ 

tooo^^a- 

CO               CO 

tOOOi-l-* 

"   "+ 

COOOOicO 

eg           .—1 

+ 

cgoocoin 
+ 

COOO^rH 
CO              CM 

Phosphorus 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

a2-*.-HCMai 

OOO'-i'-l 

ina^cM^j'O' 
cj>^c-iooo 

oi  CO.-!  in  CO 

.-ICMOO[--tD 

inoc^.— <co 
coocooooo 

COOi-<^CM 

1— '  <0  CO -«*  »— ( 
LOI>-tOOOC-- 

cocnoc^-^ 

oocootoo 

- 1 

ooinoincM 

CT).-(OOCM 

1 

OlOOCMCO 

OiT-HOOiCO 

1 

Chlorine 

Food 

Milk 

Urine 

Feces 

Balance 

in  CO  00  CO  to 

too^l^~co 

Ca -^  CTi  imT) 

t»c<acMcocji 

Lni>-mLOcq 

COtOI>-05  t>- 

COCO^.-HOO 

C>CM-^^^CO 
CJIOO^OCJI 

coortioin 

'OCQCOI>-t>- 

OlOO'^OLO 
COLO^r-LO 

CO  CM  CO  CM^ 

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"+ 

^toocr>o 

CMt— « 

1 

S2°^Y 

^=-; 

CM  tOO'JJ''— 1 

+ 

CM-*— 1  too 
CM— 1 

+ 

Sulphur 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

18.894 
4.671 
2.909 

10.928 
f  0.386 

18.894 
4.237 
3.382 

10.756 
+  0.519 

18.894 
4.409 
3.411 

10.832 
+  0.242 

18.114 
3.495 
3.146 

10.338 
+  1.135 

18.114 
3.447 
3.337 

10.580 
+  0.750 

18.114 
3.976 
3.259 
9.938 
+  0.941 

Magnesium 

Food 

Milk 

Urine 

Feces 

Balance 

(MtoomcJ5 
.-HOcoc-in 

CM  o^  0^0^  in 

in^J'O^CMCM 

CO  CO  01  01  05 
LOtOCOI>-CO 
.— 1  t-OC-^OOO 

eocoi>--^co 

C0C0  05  t>-  to 

oo-^inooo 

tO'^O-tO— i 

co^oot— 

to  eg  CM  i-HO> 

cooco-^co 

CO  t^- CO  LOCO 

OCMI>-tOtO 

o^c-in-* 
1 

Oi-HtOtOin 
CO              CO 

1 

OOt-t-^tO^ 

"  1 

oOi-Hini:-'^ 

oor-Hirsto-^ 

"1 

Calcium 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

52.403 
17.335 
0.091 
49.576 
-14.599 

52,403 

13.748 

0.124 

47.964 

-  9.433 

52,403 

15.219 

0.067 

46.644 

-  9.527 

42.518 
15.299 
0.071 
44.744 
-17.596 

42.518 

13.624 

0.076 

46.016 

-17. 198 

42.518 
15.157 
0.160 
44.555 
-17.354 

Potassium 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

^to^cooo 

ooooiinTii" 

-^  CM  in  CM  ^f 

(OuOtOCOtO 
OLD  l>- CO  CO 

t-OLrtOi— 1 

t~-COCOC75  0' 

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<Z>CO00-#tO 
t- to  to  to  CM 

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ooc-ot-oq 

r-iCMC-.-l 

+ 

+ 

+ 

LO.— '1— ICOO 
OOCMLm-H 

1 

LO^toin— I 

OOCM-*^ 

Sodium 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

O0  000"-ft- 

eoto.-<Lo^ 
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0  CO  CM  CO —1 

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Com  3000;  cottonseed  meal  1000;  clover 

hay  4536;  corn  silage  11340; 

salt  28. 

Com  3000;  cottonseed  meal  1000;  clover 

hay  4536:  com  silage  11340; 

salt  28. 

Corn  3000;  cottonseed  meal  1000:  clover 

hay  4536;  corn  silage  11340; 

salt  28. 

Corn  2270;  distiller's  grains  1730;  clover 

hay  4082;  com  silage  5444; 

salt  28. 

Cora  2270;  distiller's  grains  1730;  clover 

hay  4082;  com  silage  5444; 

salt  28. 

Com  2270:  distiller's  grains  1730;  clover 

hay  4082;  corn  silage  5444; 

salt  28. 

Av. 
daily 
milk 
yield 

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10 

344 


OHIO  EXPERIMENT  STATION:  BULLETIN  295 


Nitrogen 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

216.753 

71.198 

44.800 

95.091 

+    5.664 

225.837 

56.086 

61.870 

98.493 

+    9.388 

225.837 
52.621 
55.836 

108.256 
+    9.124 

205.451 
55.141 
53.187 
94.236 
+    2.887 

210.639 

49.783 

54.512 

96.495 

+    9.849 

210.639 
56.111 
50.945 
93.919 
+    9.664 

Silicon 

Pood 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

34.877 
0.000 
0.511 

31.022 
+  3.344 

42.532 
0.000 
0.411 

31.307 
+10.814 

42.532 
0.000 
0.551 

29.536 
+12.445 

29.990 
0.000 
0.517 

24.375 
+  5.098 

34.362 
0.000 
0.524 

29.238 
+  4.600 

34.362 
0.000 
0.369 

29.846 
+  4.147 

Phosphorus 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

29.266 
14.225 

0.097 
16.781 

1.837 

30.740 
12. 198 
0.183 
18.688 
—  0.329 

30.740 

11.801 

0.108 

16.964 

+  1.867 

30.116 

11.089 

3.316 

15.555 

+  0.156 

30.957 

10.005 

0.156 

23.020 

-  2.224 

30.957 

12  100 

0.092 

19.970 

-  1.205 

Chlorine 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

24.568 

14. 190 

0.550 

8.162 

+  1.666 

25.931 

15.472 

0.192 

9.259 

+  1.008 

25.931 
19.547 
0.179 
5.970 
+  0.235 

26.706 

18. 197 

0.186 

7.338 

+  0.985 

27.484 

18. 179 

0.093 

7.786 

+  1.426 

27.484 
14.386 
0.941 
12.488 
-  0.331 

Sulphur 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

OCOCOO'* 
CMLOLOLD-eS' 
C-- t-H  <o  t— 1  CO 

inirtto^co 

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05  CO  CO  0>05 

inOLOlOLO 

oo'^oooir- 

OOOCO^ 
cocooo-*!:^ 
COCMIOO"^ 

OCOOCO^ 
CO^COLOt^ 
COCOCOC~lO 

OOLOCOOO 
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"+ 

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CM               ^^ 

^^-.^tO'—trH 

Magnesium 

Food 

Milk 

Urine 

Feces 

Balance 

29.473 
2.030 
7.308 

24.087 
-  3.952 

32.017 
1.508 
7.357 

28.314 
—  5.162 

t:^  .-H  CO  t^  "Si-          CO  CT>  l>- .-1  .-H 
t— ICXi^CM-^          OO^H.-1COOO 
0^"-<CO<J^          CO^COI>-C^ 

CJIOOLOCO 
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cooootoo 

T-^  LO  -H  ^  O 

CM  •—It^^  CO  CM 
CO               CM 

1 

CO  I— <  CO  CM  CO 

CM          ca 

OOr-HCO-^CO 
CM               C<1 

1 

CO'— iC^-^LO 

Calcium 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

51.518 
16.469 
0.013 

49.714 
-14.678 

53.944 

16.645 

0.021 

51.463 

-14.185 

53.944 
15.619 
0.014 
50.866 
-12.555 

47. 156 
15.548 
0.017 
44.629 
-13.038 

48.542 
12.959 
0.135 
52.232 
-16.784 

48.542 

14.980 

0.056 

48.429 

-14.923 

Potassium 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

t>-tOCOOCM 
CTl-— lOCM^ 
COOlOOt— irH 

LO'^tocn-^ 

OOOLOOt- 
CMCOCTJCOCM 
L0C0  05  00O 

CMt-tr^C<ICO 
COOOCO^O 

0^-<*-^L0'<* 

toooocnt— 1 

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COOOCOt^CO 
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rtCMcooq 

+ 

1 

LOCO  CM  CO  CO 
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1 

Sodium 

Food 
Milk 
Urine 
Feces 
Balance 

16.872 

7.211 

1.248 

2.026 

+  6.387 

17.218 

7.294 

1.889 

4.940 

+  3.095 

17.218 
8.873 
2.853 
7.628 
-  2.136 

31.966 

■8.671 

3.013 

2.407 

+17.875 

32.163 

7.800 

0.365 

3.057 

+20.941 

32. 163 

6.111 

3.065 

2.285 

+20.702 

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Corn  3000;  linseed  oilmeal  1250;  clover 

hay  4536;  com  silage  11340; 

salt  28. 

Com  3000;  linseed  oilmeal  1250;  clover 

hay  4536;  corn  silage  14516; 

salt  28. 

Com  3000:  linseed  oilmeal  1250;  clover 

hay  4536;  com  silage  14516; 

salt  28. 

Com  2270;  gluten  feed  1720;  clover 

hay  4536;  corn  silage  9072; 

salt  28. 

Corn  2270;  gluten  feed  1720;  clover 

hay  4536;  corn  silage  10886 

salt  28. 

Com  2270;  gluten  feed  1720;  clover 

hay  4536;  com  silage  10886; 

salt  28. 

Av. 
daily 
milk 
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1 

CM 

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METABOLISM  OF  THE  MILCH  COW 


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COLUMBIA   UNIVERSITY   LIBRARIES 

1 

This  book  is  due  on  the  date  indicated  below,  or  at  the    \ 
expiration  of  a  definite  period  after  the  date  of  borrowing,  as 
provided  by  the  library  rules  or  by  special  arrangement  with 
the  Librarian  in  charge. 

DATE  BORROWED 

DATE  DUE 

DATE  BORROWED 

DATE  DUE 

1 

C28  (449)  M50 

1 

/ 

- 

QP171                    F74 

1st 

1916 

Forbes 

The  mineral  metabolisn  of  the 
miloh  cow.  First  paper. 

^ 

^pm 


F7^ 

1% 


